Many people like gardening at patio, and it’s easy to understand why. Growing your own flowers, herbs, and veggies may be a fulfilling activity that makes you feel accomplished and satisfied. There are many tips and methods to help you get the most out of your gardening efforts, whether you are an experienced gardener or are just getting started. We’ll provide you some helpful home gardening advice in this post to get you started on your gardening adventure. These suggestions can assist you in quickly growing a wholesome and fruitful garden, from picking the ideal area to harvesting your plants at the ideal moment.
Many insects attack citrus (lemon, sweet lime, orange) trees. The world catalog of citrus bugs and moths has 823 species of which more than 20 per cent are found in . 22 species have been recorded in Punjab and 14 of these are pests of economic importance. These are of varying importance with respect to citrus decline. Only those species that contribute to citrus decline are mentioned here.
Citrus psylla Among all the pests of citrus in Punjab, the citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri kuvema, is the most important. It is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical Asia and the Far East and has been recorded from West Pakistan, , Ceylon, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia, southern China, Macao, Taiwan and the Philippines. Citrus psylla attacks all species and cultivars of citrus and has also been recorded to attack Muruva or Muraya königii sprang. In and vampi or Clausena lancium and scycles in China, both nymphs and adults suck the sap and cause damage, but the former stage alone causes significant damage. They usually suck large amounts of sap from the growing branch as a result of which the plant dries up. In addition, this insect probably injects some toxins with its saliva which is why the branches are reported to be dry.
Treatment:”During the first year the damage is not very marked, but the yield falls and some of the top branches wither. During the second year the new shoots die off, most of the branches are left without leaves and the tree begins to wither.” Very little fruit is produced and that too thin and dry. There is neither leaf nor fruit during the third year. Income tax data from two orchards for 1915-1920 in Sargodha Abohar using some new insecticides came out in 1964–65, and in the years 1964–65, parathion, diazion, methyl demeton, bidrin and endrin (as 0.02% emulsion), malathion 0.05% emulsion, and carbaryl 0.1% suspension proved to be equally effective. The more promising insecticides include Phosphamidon 0.025%, Parathion 0.025%, Malathion 0.03% + DDT 0.15% and Malathion 0.05% in case of breeds, and Parathion 0.025%, DDT + BHC 0.1%, Malathion 0.05% each in case of adults, in decreasing order of % and phosphamidon 0.025%; and consequently phosphamidon 0.025%, parathion 0.025%, and malathon 0.05% were recommended.
Citrus White-flies
Out of 30 species of Aleurodidae on citrus worldwide, 12 are found in and the following 8 species are found in Punjab
1. Husain’s white-fly Aleaurocanthus husaini Corbett
2. Orange spiny white-fly. piniferous (quintessence)
3. Citrus black fly Avoglumi Ashby
4. White-fly Aleurolobus citrifolii Corbett
5. Marlat’s white-fly amelatti (Quintessence)
6. Citrus white-fly Dilerodes sitri (Ashmed)
7. White-fly Elongate Dialeurolonga elongate Dozier
8. Whitefly Aleurotuberculatus murrayee
Different species differ in their breeding habits. The more important of them, viz., Dilerodes and Alerocanthus spp., breed 2-3, the first in March–April and the second and third from July–August to October, but Alerolobus spp. Breed continuously from March to December. The adults of white-flies are smaller and have mottled wings on their bodies that are shaped like licks. Whitefly adults are more active in the evening and rest on the lower surfaces of tender leaves during the day. The eggs are extremely small and hardly visible to the naked eye. However, before these agencies are able to bring the pest under control, much damage has already been done and it becomes necessary to resort to artificial measures.
Treatment :
Saini (1964), who studied the effectiveness of DDT, endrin, parathion and isobenzene for the control of this pest, found that DDT at 0.1%, endrin and parathion at 0.01%, and isobenzene at 0.02% killed 100 per cent of the adults. Is. In the control of third instar nymphs, 0.03% emulsions of isobenzone, parathion, and endrin proved to be very effective whereas DDT was not so effective. Only Parathion 0.03% proved to be effective for the destruction of eggs and pupae. Taking these results into account, a 0.03% emulsion of isobenzone, parathion or endrin should prove more effective than the DDT 0.1% suspension spray that has been previously recommended practice.
Scales and Mealy-bugs:
49 species of scales and mealy-bugs on citrus in and at least 8 of these sucking insects occasionally infest citrus trees in Punjab. These can be classified as follows:
I. Armored Scales: (Family Diaspididae)
1. California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Mascall)
2. Original yellow scale aeroantalis (Newsted)
3. Florida red scale Chrysomphalus ionidum (L.) Cephysus Ashmeid
4. Glover’s level Lepidosphas gloweri (Packard)
Common food- The bug is best controlled by using 7-8 cm. A wide sticky band is applied around the trunk at a height of 0.5 m from the ground during the second week of December. This hindrance thwarts most species that attempt to climb trees. The crust formed by the hardening of the adhesive must be removed and the band renewed when necessary. Spores collected below the band can be killed by spraying with 0.1% methyl parathion emulsion or with the aid of a blow lamp. Baking the soil under the tree during summer exposes the eggs to desiccation and natural enemies. Mealy-bugs and scale insects, especially armored scales, are very difficult to kill with insecticide sprays and low-dose concentrate sprays have not proved very effective in their control.
Treatment
Most citrus in California is controlled by Malthion’s spray (25% wp 2.5 to 3.5 lb/100 gal); Parathion (25% WP 1.5-2.5 lb/100 gal); malathion + parathion (1/2 dose of each); Oil emulsions (2 gallons/100 gallons) of malathion or parathion in oil emulsions. Albolinum with peroleon in india no. 1 + Tenac (a sticker) has been reported to increase the toxicity of parathion on the citrus scale. In trials conducted in Sarai Naga in 1962, Parathion 0.03% emollient spray proved to be quite effective.
aphids
Four species of aphids have been reported among citrus pests in .
1. Reported as the green apple aphid, Apis pommi de Geer, dorsalis pommi (de Geer)
2. Green peach aphid, Mysus persica (Sulzer)
3. Brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkeldie)
4. Black citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii T. The name Amiti is pronounced wrongly.
Treatment
Aphid breeding on citrus can be easily controlled. BHC 0.25%, Menzone 0.2%, Nicotine Sulphate 0.05%, Parathion 0.03% and Malathon 0.03% are effective for control. Some other insecticides like Phosphamidon 0.025% solution, Methyl Demeton 0.0255 or Dimehoate 0.0255 emulsion should also prove very effective. However, we do not have in our arsenal either a strong enough repellent that can effectively prevent migrating aphids from settling on a citrus tree, or a repellent that kills aphids in a very short time, a few seconds. While at the same time its absorption action is prolonged.
Dr. K.L. Chadha
English Summary: Lime, coconut, orange worms and their remedies Published on: 05 November 2018, 10:52 IST